Progress for whom ? Over the years the People’s National Party has had Jamaicans fooled using catchy phrases and jingles. Which leads us to ask just how stupid are Jamaicans really? Michael Manley’s campaign against Edward Seaga was one of the most divisive campaigns waged in the history of our young Nation. In fact it could reasonably be argued that it was during Michael Manley’s divisive foray into Jamaican politics that the chasm which exist today developed.
Edward Seaga..
MYFATHERBORNYA !!! Michael Manley waged a viscous and visceral campaign against the JLP’s Edward Seaga who was born on 28 May 1930, in Boston, Massachusetts, to Philip George Seaga and Erna (née Maxwell), Seaga’s parents returned to Jamaica with Edward when the boy was three months old. [wikipedia]. George Nooks a reggae singer and PNP supporter penned and made popular a song titled ‘my father born ya’ which became the National anthem for the PNP in it’s racist campaign against Edward Seaga. Never mind that Michael Manley’s grandfather T.A.S. Manley was the son of a white Anglo-Saxon trader who migrated from Yorkshire England.
There was nothing in the Jamaican Constitution which precluded or barred Seaga from representational politics because of his American birth. Remember Seaga’s parents returned to their native Jamaica when their son was a mere three months old. The Constitution appropriately bars a foreign national with allegiance to a foreign Country from holding political office in Jamaica. This did not apply to Edward Seaga a Jamaica. Yet Michael Manley and his Party did not care they divided the country along party lines, racial lines and along economic lines. HOLNESS’S HOUSE A PRODUCTOFENVYMANLEYSOWED…..
Jamaica’s coat of arms. Out of many one people.
Jamaica has always been a melting pot of different people of all different backgrounds. One of the defining characteristics of Jamaicans regardless of ethnicity , is our vehemence about our Jamaican-ness. None of the uniqueness of our vehement Jamaican-ness mattered to Michael Manley he was prepared to win at all cost. Edward Phillip George Seaga was painted and depicted as an un-Jamaican interloper who should not be trusted. Every negative connotation was attached to Seaga with a view to making him less Jamaican than the majority black African population, or not Jamaican at all.
The PNP disseminated lies and propaganda which claimed that Seaga was a tool of the Central Intelligence Agency . He was spoken of pejoratively as ‘Spyaga’, despite the fact that Seaga had invested more time and effort toward the development of Jamaica and it’s culture in ways Manley could only dream of .
The character assassination leveled against Bruce Golding and literally every other member of the JLP deserving or not, has always been the ‘modus operandi’ of the People’s National Party. When a party has nothing substantive to offer it creates diversions intended to inflame passions.
It is withing that context that we must assimilate this brouhaha surrounding Andrew Holness’s home. Recently I wrote that Jamaica is headed in the direction of the 70’s . JAMAICAHEADINGBACKTOTHEDARKDAYSOFTHE 1970’S…
It was that very same spirit of envy which characterized Manley’s reign which Andrew Holness is being forced to address. This notion that people who work hard , plan and succeed are wicked capitalists is still alive in Jamaica. The idea is that those who succeed should give half of what they have to lazy people who look to Government for handouts, is alive and well. In fact they no longer want half they simply kill and take what they want. Hence the murder statistics to a certain degree. The idea of casting doubt on success, or that successful people derived what they have through less than honest means is reprehensible. Either way the PNP is not the party to be pointing fingers. It’s Integrity Commission a misnomer is in need of an integrity overall.
Now that Holness have revealed his sources of funding for his project, let see if Portia Simpson Miller Percival Patterson , Peter Phillips and others will divulge the source of their incredible wealth. Either way it may not matter to an uneducated electorate whose interest is focused largely on the very next meal . This is the legacy of the People’s National Party. This is the enduring and indelible stink this Party has on embedded in Jamaica.
There were steps taken by Michael Manley’s Socialist régime of the 70’s which are directly impacting Jamaica over four decades later . These steps have had tremendous consequence, and are still impacting the contemporary body-politic.
MOBILIZATION
The People’s National Party mastered the art of mobilizing in the 70’s. One of Michael Manley’s strengths was his ability to bring people along with him on his ideas. Not just that, Manley was able to mobilize his party, from the highest placed functionary to the least educated grass-roots supporter to buy into what he was selling. Among the leftists leaders who dotted the landscape of the time, from Latin-America , the Caribbean, to the distant shores of Africa ‚no Leader was more gifted in mobilizing the masses. With soaring rhetoric and his deep baritone delivery Manley ignited the down-trodden masses of Jamaica the Caribbean and around the Globe. Today Jamaicans and parts of the Caribbean still think of Michael Manley as a Messiah who came with a message of Self-reliance and self-determination for the poorer class of people largely people of African Ancestry. A detailed non-biased look at this perception however yields much more than that which meets the eyes. The results however would have to be considered by an educated electorate capable of sifting through the propaganda with a view to harvesting potential nuggets of value. When the entirety of the pros and the cons are considered objectively, the rhetoric may not match the facts. Hans Christian Andersen’s “Pied-Piper of Hamlin” did free the Town of rats but he also led the entire town’s children away. Those children were never seen again. Some Jamaicans did gain a degree of freedom from the shackles of mental Colonialism but the innocence , peace, and progress the country lost has not been seen since. You do the math.
PROPOGANDA
The PNP understood that whomever controlled the message controlled the masses. Michael Manley and the PNP went about politicizing existing Media-houses of the day and creating others for the purpose of mass indoctrination. The Jamaica Broadcasting Corporation, (JBC) , Radio and Television for all intents and purposes became arms of the PNP. Under Manley the Jamaica Daily News was created , a now defunct newspaper which was completely dedicated to indoctrinating the masses with the Governing PNP’s agenda. The Jamaica Information Service(JIS), another Government Medium was politicized and used in the most vulgar ways to disseminate PNP propaganda.
Michael Manley
MALIGNING
Under Michael Manley Jamaicans who worked hard and acquired material possessions were maligned and made out to be greedy Capitalists who did not deserve to have the proceeds of their labor. Manley and the PNP actively taught poor Jamaicans that they were entitled to have half of whatever their neighbors owned as part of his Socialist philosophy. Jamaica was forever changed because of this, many Jamaicans who had inherited some material possessions and others who benefited through the sweat of their brows feared for their lives and they fled in droves. Manley’s brigands moved into their homes, a move which literally ghettoized once pristine neighborhoods. This is a trend which Jamaica has not been able to reverse. Many Jamaicans were killed for no other reason than that they had material possessions. That rapacious mental depravity is pretty much par for the course in contemporary Jamaica, where people are summarily slaughtered, even when their assailants need not take their lives. Just recently an elderly couple who returned to the Island became victims of that depravity. The ongoing debated about a house the leader of the Opposition Labor Party Andrew Holness has under construction is another example of the depraved envy which characterize the very core of the PNP. It is incomprehensible and shockingly cynical that the PNP would question anyone’s integrity. The PNP has been a cancerous cesspool of corruption which has sucked the life-blood from the once thriving Island, reducing it to a waste-land of beggars and murderous blood-thirsty demons. I have no idea where Holness sourced the funding for the house he is building. Neither do I know where Portia Simpson Miller earned the supposed US$20 million she is worth. Neither have intelligent Jamaicans above” curry goat and Red-stripe Beer” learned the whereabouts of billions of dollars which have dissapeared in the litany of scandals under the current PNP administration.
PATRONAGE Manley’s machismo on behalf of the down-trodden should not be consumed without a full understanding of captured homes and properties, their owners having fled out of fear for their lives. Let’s bring some perspective to this charade which has metastasized for too long. Let’s push back against the revisionist historians. Jamaica is enjoying the bitter fruits of Manley’s labor. Whatever good was derived from Manley’s tenure must be measured against the negatives which emanated after. Open your minds and think.
Every President has a Constitutional duty and a responsibility to appoint justices to the Supreme Court as well as other courts in the Federal system whenever vacancies occur. Elections have consequences, becoming President of the United States is a big deal . As Vice President Joe Biden would say it ” this is a big f*****g deal”. Every President has the right to his/her agenda, that includes appointing suitable justices to fill vacancies in the federal court system. No jurist is ever bigger that the process. No President has more power than another . In fact President Obama who has replaced two associate justices to the supreme court has done an outstanding job in selecting Sonia Sotomayer and Helena Kagan who were both confirmed by the senate.
RIGHTWINGHYPOCRISY
It is stunning ‚yet not surprising to hear Ted Cruz and the other Cuban Marco Rubio , two Republican candidates for President immediately demand that the next President(not Obama) appoint a successor to Antonin Scalia who recently passed away. For the record Antonin Scalia fought tooth and nail to dismantle every single piece of legislation which would seek to reverse over four hundred years of racial injustice in America. Lets be clear , despite the platitudes and the hand wringing you will hear from the lame stream media going forward, to include so called Democrats, Antonin Scalai represented exactly what is wrong with America.
President Obama in his role as the leader of the country came out and paid tribute to Scalia as he was expected to, (God bless him he is a better man than I am). The President said he would fulfill his constitutional duties by appointing a successor to Scalia in due course. For the sake of clarity what I find disgusting about Ted Cruz and to a lesser extent the other Hispanic Marco Rubio , is the length to which they will go to pretend they are more American than everyone else. Ted Cruz runs on the notion that no other candidate is as Con- servative as he is , in fact several of the other candidates have criticized him and labeling him a liar. Cruz’s own law professor from Harvard called him out for being a fair weather constitutionalist. Everything is only as good as Ted Cruz say it is. No one is as conservative as Ted Cruz . The guy is an ego-maniac and a narcissist , that makes him dangerous. Is it any wonder that this guy want to carpet-bomb other countries into submission?
Ted Cruz
Ted Cruz is running to be President of the United States of America, Barack Obama is the twice-elected President of the United States of America. Neither Ted Cruz nor the rest of the right-wing noise machine gets to determine whether the President appoint a successor to Scalia or not . That is the constitutional perogative of the President of the United States and not a self centered Republican Senator from Texas.
The debates commission in Jamaica has announced that debates between the leaders of the two major political parties scheduled for Tuesday February 16th has been called off. The debates commission took the action because the People’s National Party failed to respond confirming it’s participation in the debates. In the meantime the PNP has attached preconditions to it’s participation in the debates, which has nothing to do with the debates.
♦In the first instance Prime Minister Simpson-Miller refuses to participate in the debates unless Opposition leader Andrew Holness apologize to her for referring to her as the “biggest con artist Jamaica has ever seen”. Additionally she has threatened legal action against the Opposition leader claiming she has been damaged by his characterization. ♦ What the public may not know is that it was Miller who referred to the Opposition Leader’s 10-point plan as “con-job”,which precipitated the Opposition Leader’s response. ♦ The Finance Minister Peter Phillips not to be outdone demanded that Opposition Leader Holness divulge the source/s of funding for his house which is under construction in the Saint Andrew Community of Beverly Hills. Both of these excuses are ridiculous red-herrings which has zero to with debating the issues germane to the future of the Island . Notwithstanding, this position taken by the PNP demonstrates a “don’t care, drunk with power, attitude and the disdain with which it holds the Jamaican electorate”.
If the PNP has questions about the leader of the Opposition’s ethics, a debate stage is exactly the place to air those grievances and allow the Jamaican people to decide. It rings hollow that Prime Minister Simpson-Miller who refused to speak to the Press for the four years she has been in Jamaica House would now contend the reason/s she is refusing to debate the leader of the opposition is about things the opposition leader should do, or hasn’t done. The facts are clear , the Prime Minister has presided over a corrupt régime which has been plagued with graft, gross incompetence, negligence and rampant corruption. It is insulting to the electorate that the incompetent and and clueless Simpson-Miller would be allowed to hide behind PNP created smoke-screens and get away with it. Much less be rewarded with a second term. Jamaica is not Simpson Miller’s private Property neither is it the private domain of the PNP and it’s gang-land affiliates . As such, Miller must forthwith attend the debates and answer questions or resign. What this cheeky and blatant disrespect for the process reveals is that Jamaica is a Banana Republic which is ruled by third rate semi-literates who have no respect for the rule of law. Peel back the thin layer of veneer and the Sub-Saharan style fiefdom is exposed . Our Country is being run like a gangland enclave ruled by threats, intimidation and violence.
Debates are neither about Holness nor Miller .They are about the people. Debates are job interviews , . No candidate or party seeking office should have the power or indeed the freedom to say I am not debating without consequence> No candidate for a job can say to his/her prospective employer I am not interviewing for the job just trust me. It is the most blatant disdain that a rag-tag political cult can so disregard the intelligence of the electorate by attaching preconditions to answering questions the media would pose on the people’s behalf. This is an affront to the dignity of the process which cannot stand.
With National Elections only 13 days away it is interesting to know what path the Jamaica Labor Party has to a victory .
On December 29th 2011 National Elections were held in Jamaica . Before the night was too far gone it became clear that Simpson Miller and the People’s National Party would form the next Government. Though Elections were not constitutionally due until September of 2012, Andrew Holness the sitting Prime Minister sought his own mandate. It was a decision which will be in the mind of Holness forever. The JLP received a one sided drubbing. In a 44 to 19 shellacking the jaded , tired and out of ideas PNP was returned to power, much to the surprise of many including the PNP itself. It is still believed that the PNP’s populist embrace of Gays and Lesbians was the catalyst which decided the elections in the PNP’s favor.
It begs the question then “what populist message has the JLp which will erase a 25-seat deficit and give the party a one seat majority”? Jamaican voters are known to be hard-core in their political beliefs, switching their vote only when their personal pantries and cupboards are empty of food. This observation may not be the most charitable and may even be seen as disrespectful of the electorate. I challenge dissenters to point to Jamaican voters voting the interest of the country over party and their bellies.
The ruling PNP has mastered the art of populist politics since Jamaica became an Independent Nation[sic]. Michael Manley was a master of it,Portia and the party acolytes have continued that trend. It was no surprise to see Portia Simpson Miller on the Party’s platform in Half-Way-Tree Square championing the possibility of ganja legalization. These are hugely populist issues which has tremendous resonance for the masses many of whom use the weed. The JLP did not get out front on this issue, so the question is,“what is the plan to erase the deficit”?
In 72 Hungry Jamaicans scared of Communism booted Manley from office. By 88 with filled bellies and the Cold war over they returned Manley to power. For an unprecedented 141⁄2 years they watched as Patterson and his cronies sold off everything. Crime climbed to astronomical levels. The economy lurched from crisis to crisis and the currency became a worthless piece of crap. In that time the very nature of our country changed . Our country was changed from a model in the Caribbean and indeed the world to a pariah. In many cases even CARICOM States do not want Jamaicans in their countries.
Under immense pressure, hunger , crime , despair and deprivation Jamaicans turned to Orette Bruce Golding on September 11th 2007. The JLP was returned to power. But just barely. Despite a collapsing world economy Audley Shaw and the JLP kept the Jamaican currency stable despite the absence of an IMF deal. Notwithstanding, the electorate returned the PNP to power despite the fact that the party had nothing to offer but more despair crime and poverty for everyone except it’s elites and gangland affiliates.
It’s never enough to assume that overall suffering for average Jamaicans will cause them to turn to the other party. The PNP has an intricate network of affiliates from the grass-roots to the most sophisticated areas of the society ready to go to bat for the PNP . It is no wonder that Peter Phillips is the supposed man of the year. It is no wonder that the Private sector Organization makes statements in support of the Administration. It is no wonder that for the most part the media houses are organs for the party. Every aspect of national life has been corroded with the corrosive tentacles of the Governing People’s National Party.
In lieu of the foregone it is almost a safe bet to conclude that unless the Labor Party knows something the rest of us are not privy to, the PNP will be returned to power come February 25th. I hope for the future of our country that I am proven wrong but I doubt that very much. The JLP was never forced to seriously defend seats in parishes like Saint Thomas, St Catherine, Hanover, Clarendon, Portland, Trelawny, and to some degree Manchester. It is difficult to see how the JLP intend to win this election if it has to defend strenuously in these parishes. How did these parishes become competitive parishes in which the PNP has won and won big? That’s the issue to consider ! But then again what the hell do I know?
As the traditional carnival spectacle of election time campaigning kicks into high gear, Jamaicans fill the highways and byways in automobile caravans criss-crossing the Island in seeming rivers of green and orange bodies. Yet underneath the carnival atmosphere are more sinister events occurring which eludes the die-hard laborites and kumreds[sic] with the exception of those pulling the strings.
The Island’s Prime Minister Portia Simpson Miller rose from the poorer class through affiliations and patronage to occupy the highest elected political office in the Island’s parliamentary democratic system. Miller climbed through the rough and tumble politics which characterize the Manley régime of the 70’s ‚the lethargic retrograde and corruption filled reign of Percival James Patterson to culminate in that legacy being handed off to her. Through it all many people have come to know Portia as a less than qualified person to lead the country , but also to realize just how powerful patronage politics is in the island nation of 2.8 million.
NODEBATES? Throughout Miller’s career various descriptive words have been used to describe her that are far from complimentary. Her conduct in public to those in the know, has been far from exemplary and in many case could be adequately described as abrasive and the behavior of a crass virago. It is on this basis that it is stunning that Miller would have the gall to threaten legal action against Andrew Holness the Opposition leader for referring to her as the biggest con-artist the country ever had. It was Miller who labeled Holness’s 10-point plan as a con job.
This blatant attempt at intimidation from Miller and her legal team is particularly hypocritical considering Miller’s history of calling Holness Enemy of the state and a plethora of other unsavory names. Despite this hypocrisy there is more. Portia Simpson Miller intends to use the legal system as another tool of the PNP to quite dissent on the Island. Between the thugs in the street and the Courts on the other end it appears Jamaica is heading once again to the dark days of the 70’s when Michael Manley locked up almost the entire political opposition and death squads summarily executed anyone daring to stand with the opposition party in public.
HERE’S THEISSUE. The leader of the Opposition was asked to respond to the Prime Minister’s comments about his proposed 10-point-plan which she referred to as a con. The Opposition Leader responded . Quote: “The prime minister is the biggest con artist Jamaica has ever seen,”. This is what she is suing about, according to her kumred lawyer Bert Samuels.
The prime minister is demanding: “… a suitably worded apology, approved by our client be published on Television Jamaica, in the Jamaica Observer and The Gleaner and that our client be paid damages commensurate with her station in life locally and internationally, along with his (her attorney) legal costs.” They also claim Miller is diminished in the eyes of well meaning members of the society. Note to Bert etal, you should be ashamed to file this despicable brief as a so-called respected member of the bar. When was Miller ever elevated in the eyes of the public (not PNP)? What you and well meaning members of the society should be concerned about is not the legacy of a charlatan but the hijacking of our democracy . Threatening not to debate the leader of the opposition based on Faux indignation reveal to the world that Miller is a less than qualified cowardly opportunist who will do anything , including diminish our democratic process to hold onto power.
This medium hold no brief for Holness but it is a despicable yet transparent attempt on the part of the sitting Prime Minister to avoid facing the nation, using the legal process as a campaign tool . As an officer of the Court Samuels and the other Attorneys should hang their heads in shame . It is vastly more important to work toward improving our fledgling democracy than to engage in this blatant un-democratic act. You should hang your collective heads in shame.
The Congressional Black Caucus in the US Congress is set to endorse Hillary Clinton as the Democratic Choice for President of the United States. The Congressional Black Caucus political arm is geared at electing Democrats to office according to Congressman Gregory Meeks of Queens New York. This medium is unsure about this endorsement, and the timing of it time in light of the fact that Democrats have not earned Black votes nor own it. With all of the killings of unarmed people by police and other maladies plaguing the Black community the Democratic party has been silent. We will have much more to say after the endorsement.
Who is surprised by anything this one dimensional relic has to say? I mean seriously does this guy sit around the television watching to see what Black people are going to say and do? It appears that El Duce Rudolph Giuliani believes only white people have a right to opinions. He obviously believes as does countless others that anyone, not a white Anglo-Saxon has no right to free speech or any freedoms not granted to them by Caucasians. What planet is this fool living on? They really think this world is theirs, and people’s rights are their’s to determine.
As part of the large group of analysts on CNN Tuesday night dissecting the results of the New Hampshire primaries , Philadelphia Democratic Mayor Micheal Nutter repeated the lie “people are angry” , over and over again. It was somewhat shocking to see an elected Democratic official sitting in a television studio regurgitating the garbage fed him and the rest of us by the very same network and others like it.
People are angry , people are angry, that’s the media narrative of course that goes down pretty well with Donald Trumps campaign slogan of “Let’s make America great again” Let’s make America great again is an extension of “Let’s take back our Country”. It’s unclear whether Americans are aware just how the media to which they look for information is deceiving them? As we ponder this question it’s important to understand the fact that what we call the main-stream-media is actually a well put together network of propaganda organs owned and operated by the richest people in the world.
It’s no wonder that for the most part substantive issues are cast to the side while fluff and inconsequential issues are front and center . That’s what the corporate shills want you to consume while they move their agenda. How do you explain the rise of social media as the entity to which more and more people, particularly younger people are looking to for their information? Does anyone believe Donald Trump was a serious candidate for President of the United States before the media recycled and circulated him over and over , foisting him onto the consciousness of gullible voters?
Mayor Nutter
It is said if you spin a lie enough times it eventually becomes truth. Republicans running for office over the last several cycles have mastered the art of lying over and again until the lies become truth. What is astounding is when those who position themselves as leaders within the Democratic party actually accept the lies and end up repeating them. The notion that people are angry is a Republican lie circulated by a complicit media to gin up anger and ratings for the media and passion for the republicans, which they hope will nullify Obama’s accomplishments.
So lets quickly see whether there is any legitimacy to this narrative. Under Barack Obama over 9 million jobs created, as against 800 thousand jobs being lost each month under Bush. Vice President Biden in 2008 said ‚“In the last six months of the Bush administration, we lost 3.5 million jobs,” . “As a matter of fact, on that magnificent day … when we were sworn in, before I lowered my hand that day after taking the oath … we’d already lost over 760,000 jobs that month.” A politico fact check bore out the Vice President’s claims.
Gas was $5 per gallon, today gas is less than $2 per gallon. President Obama did not only save the Auto industry he made it stronger than ever. He restored America’s image abroad. There were two active wars with no end in sight, today the world continue to be a challenging place but Obama did not start any new wars. The economy imploded by the time Obama took office, today the American economy creates hundreds of thousands of jobs every month since he took office. The Housing market has regained significant portions of what it lost after the melt-down. The affordable Care Act brought health care to millions something several presidents who preceded Obama was unable to do. Wall street has come roaring back , with both the Nasdaq and the stock exchange registering phenomenal gains.
I could go on and on but you get the picture. So to Mayor Nutter and others, before you parrot Republican/media talking points step back and evaluate your statements before you become a mouthpiece of deception. Barack Obama accomplished everything he did against the greatest intransigence and obstruction any president has every had to contend with. People are not angry, Republicans are mad that Barack Obama is a successful two-term President despite their best efforts at obstruction, propaganda and smear.
Yesterday I spoke to the glaring holes in the security which was in place at the two massive Political rallies held in Half-Way-Tree Square and Sam Sharpe Square by the two major political parties respectively. Though my Article was harshly critical of the police it was not meant to degrade or demean the Agency I spent 10 years of my life in. It was intended to give the Agency an opportunity to think outside the box commensurate with the changed and ever changing times. To my many friends who feel betrayed by my criticisms , there is such a thing as “constructive criticism” , the type you get from your real friends. RALLY’S SHOOTINGEXPOSESWEAKNESSINABILITYOFPOLICETOPROVIDEREALSECURITY..
In the Article I laid out what I thought would be the required amount of officers to adequately secure the safety of the people and candidates at either rallies as well as to secure businesses and other private property withing the environs of the venues. That number was a thousand officers under the command of at least one Deputy Commissioner of Police who understand logistics, crowd control as well as other security issues which are likely to emerge in situations where large amounts of people are gathered together. The plan included a call for cops on horse-back which are terrific at crowd control. It also called for officers with canines which are tremendous value assets , particularly where crowd compliance is a necessity. I made those recommendations against the background of the basic principles of the Jamaica Constabulary Force’s own mission statement. (1) Protection of life and Property. (2) Preservation of Peace and Good Order. (3) Prevention and detection of crime.
In 1982 when I entered the Academy the mission statement of the JCF was as I presented it above. Nowadays the JCF says this is it’s mission statement. The Mission of the Jamaica Constabulary Force and its Auxiliaries is to Serve, Protect and Reassure the people in Jamaica through the delivery of impartial and professional Services aimed at maintenance of law and order, protection of life and property, prevention and detection of crime and the preservation of peace. Same thing right? Well pretty much, just a little more wordy, in the end it remains the same.
I ask you my readers to remember this mission statement as you digest the remainder of what I will present to you . By the Constabulary’s own numbers the official JCF staff numbers in 2011 was 9,930 plus 55 auxiliary positions, making a total of 9,985; its current strength (as of 2011) is 8,441. Since then the JCF and it’s Auxillary ISCF has merged adding roughly another 2’000 officers to the ranks of the JCF. What I found incredible was the push-back I received mostly from former members of the JCF who were intent on telling me what cannot be accomplished, largely because they cannot perceive it. One of the reasons I dropped everything and walked away from the JCF was not necessarily because the pay was shitty. It was primarily because I realized that based on existing attitudes the Force as a service deliver entity had no real plan to change or to grow into an agency which delivers on it’s promise.
I realized from my vantage point then that if I stayed for another hundred years the level of contribution I would be able to make would me negligible exactly because of existing mindsets. Literally everyone who pushed back against my suggestions talked about why it can’t be done. Why we should adjust our thinking to the situation as it is,rather than how it should be. Unfortunately I never believed in accepting failure as acceptable. Things gets changed by people willing to think and act outside the box. Adversity is the mother of invention, not a reason to pick up the ball and go home because it’s too hard. I was never comfortable wallowing in the mud of mediocrity because it’s easy . I believe in getting down in the mud and fighting to make a difference, fighting for change. Real change is never easy. It has to be earned. The JCF has no truer friend than me but I would not be a real friend was I to accept that the level of service being delivered by the agency was value for money.
“IT CAN’T BEDONETHEYSAY”
The police cannot change the fact that many within the leadership of the Government and Opposition party are in bed with Jamaica’s most dangerous criminals. But the Police can exemplify it’s service by investigating and placing criminals before the courts regardless of their station. There is nothing in the JCF Act which places any Jamaican above the law. When the Police fail to investigate and arrest politicians with ties to criminals it emboldens everyone to disregard the laws. So whether the criminal is in Kings House , Jamaica House , or any other House, if they break the law the police must enforce the laws. Recently the commissioner called for members to avoid siding with any political party . The commissioner threatened rank and file members with interdiction and suspension if they are caught engaging in politicking. I ask the commissioner ? “what is the penalty for the failure of the high command to Investigate criminals in positions of power”?
The police cannot change the fact that the Governing PNP and to a lesser extent the Opposition JLP has literally turned the country into specific yet separate little zones of political exclusions. But the Police can remain neutral so that when they are forced to take action they are not accused of partiality. The Police cannot change that the system put in place by both political parties created and continue to create powerful above the law gangsters who deliver votes. But the Police can use their craniums to investigate, entrap and ensnare these hoodlums and their political patrons , place them before the courts or bring justice to them somehow. The police cannot pass laws. However the police has within it’s power the ability to impact legislation, much smaller groups have had incredibly influence on legislation> The (indecom)Act is a good example.
Jamaica may be a criminal paradise . The police does not have to engage in criminal conduct. The department may be stretched as some have suggested . Jamaicans understand force and strength, putting less than adequate amounts of officers to cover an event places officers lives at risk it serves no useful purpose except as window dressing.
The police may not be able to get every weapon being smuggled into a venue . But there should be no circumstances in which several people are shot in a venue where the police is on site yet there are no arrests. The events of 2010 which the world watched in real time occurring in Jamaica should have been a warning and a come-to-Jesus-moment for the ‘self serving politicians on both sides. Police stations burned to the ground. Police officers and civilians alike killed . Most profoundly was the coalescing of varying factions against the Jamaican state. It required an all out effort using assets from the Military to return the Jamaican state to the elected officials.
Despite rhetoric to the contrary the police have been given many new tools which were not available two decades or even a decade ago
Rather than thank the security Forces the Government went ahead and gave more power to (indecom),the brainchild of Bruce Golding and Criminal Rights lobby Jamaicans for Justice. No one could argue that the police did not need serious oversight but (indecom) is not it. Giving unchecked power to a Napoleonic, ego-maniacal narcissist is not the way to go about it. That is the antidote for empowering criminals. Soon (indecom) will want to search Jamaica Defense Force Headquarters to see whether the military has certain types of ordinances.…. Oh wait !!!! They already tried that . If this isn’t poppy-show I don’t know what is? Oh by the way they crow that police killings are down , true dat, but wait, the mass killing of innocent Jamaicans continue at a merry clip and is actually getting worse > So as far as the (indecom) Act is concerned, “Mission accomplished”
Rather than invest in the security apparatus of the Island the PNP government ever the anti-police Administration decided to convene an Inquiry into what happened in Tivoli Gardens in 2010. At the head of that Inquiry is an arrogant foreigner whose sole intent is posturing and trying to show the Security forces in a bad light. Did I mention the fact that that fiasco is still going on with costs in the hundreds of millions? Of course why not if every PNP can eat a food why not bring in a pompous Bajan relic to eat a food as well? Additionally well over $100 million in compensatory damages to the very people who harbored and encouraged a criminal empire in their community for decades.
Yes everything that I heard yesterday about why the police cannot be better are real arguments. My disagreement with those views is this, despite all of the foregone the police can do a better job. The police has a mandate, remember I asked you to keep the mission statement in mind? Yes the police can be better despite the ” criminal supporting shit-heads” in Jamaica House and Gordon House. Don’t tell me what cannot be done let’s join hands and hearts and change the paradigm, instead of succumbing to the narrative of can’t.
Ever the paranoid ex-cop I watched both political leaders arrive at their respective rallies and immediately I defaulted to my police senses. Like “Spidey senses tingling” I thought how easy it would be to actually take out either of these two leaders if someone had a mind to. At a time when there are terror threats and terrorist threats across the Globe, and with Jamaica’s history of political violence what is the thinking of the candidates and maybe most importantly the agency tasked with their protection?
Okay I know many of my former colleagues are thinking “Mike these m****r‑f*****s deserve whatever may be coming to them”. I get that but this is less about them and more about the people and the agency tasked with their protection. Imagine the vitriolic back-lash if one of these leaders is killed because the police fail to have a cohesive plan in place to adequately protect them. If the Police cannot ensure that guns do not get into the venue, then candidates should not be arriving in a mass of flesh standing with parts of their bodies protruding through the rooves of their vehicles. The police Commissioner and his top brass cannot assume that sending some poorly trained , poorly equipped poorly backed up cops to an event rises to the level of security. Security plans must be designed with the compliance of political candidates who conform with the dictates of the plan. Police does not get to tell politicians how to be politicians , conversely politicians must conform to police plans to keep them and others safe.
As I watched both candidates arrive at their respective rally I wondered with a smile how in hell a couple of cops hanging off the vehicle amount to security for the candidates? I must admit I was not at all surprised that an actual shooting could occur in a political meeting . I would not have been one bit surprised that the leader of one party or the other could have been killed right there. One of the things I taught my family and to a large extent my wife is never get caught saying the things people say on Television when criminals strike, “oh I never though something like that could happen here”. Stuff occur wherever you give criminal minded people the opportunity to commit crimes. Leaving a pocket book in a car will most likely leave the owner without a pocket-book, a car, or at best some costly window repairs. Why take that chance take the pocket-book with you or, after making sure you are not being observed, place the item of worth in the locked trunk of your vehicle.
Sunday February 7th Mass JLP rally in Sam Sharpe Square did not happen upon the Police without warning, neither did the PNP’s mass rally in Half-Way-tree square. I must confess that I do not have a copy of the plan the Police had in place to ensure the safety and security of the candidates and their supporters. I am also painfully aware of the un-disciplined nature of Jamaicans of both political stripes, particularly when they have a cheering section and worse when they are operating in political groups. The police should however use these very characteristics to develop workable plans which leave no question of who is in charge, as well as keeping their charges safe.
The Police had the opportunity to develop detailed written plans to ensure the safety of attendees to these events as well as to ensure that whomever show up with mal-intent are swiftly apprehended. Many of my friends would most certainly want to know how come I know there was no plan in place? To those questions I say , on Sunday two people were killed and others were injured and no one in custody which is a shocking indictment on whatever plan or security apparatus that they thought they had in place. Police may not be able to prevent every shooting but they damn well can make sure that the shooters will be apprehended on the spot. The question I have for the JCF as a former Jamaican cop is this,“when will the supposed more educated more sophisticated JCf stop being the Barney Fyffe of policing”? I believe the Police still have barriers for crowd control , the police must do a better job with the limited resources it has . The Commissioner of Police should have had hundreds of police officers over a thousand even, cops on horse-back, cops with Canines and elements of every practical piece of asset the Police has at it’s disposal shuttled in from Kingston into Montego Bay days ahead of the meeting. The police must set the agenda , moving attendees through barriers where they are searched before they are allowed into the general area where the crowd would convene . I really don’t want to hear about multiple entry/egress points . It is what it is secure it.
Part of the massive crowd of JLP supporters at in Sam Sharpe Square on Sunday.. Observer Photo..
Jamaican people understand one language, that is the language of force and power. The police demonstrate fecklessness and weakness. I have just about had it with the fecklessness of the Police. There is no critical thinking in the police department from what meets the eyes and what my sources tell me it’s all a damn show. Every damn person coming to that event should have been ushered through police checkpoints . If a patron does not want to comply he/she should leave or face arrest . That means the paddy-wagon should be on stand-by and yes each officer appropriately armed and issued with plastic handcuffs. The police must accept responsibility for what occurred at that meeting, I don’t care that a supposed criminal got killed, that is not the important thing. What this event laid bare is the incompetence of the police in securing the patrons and the leader of the Opposition. The fact that there was no shooting at the PNP event a week earlier is cold comfort for the police and the Prime Minister.
Bunch of Republican white men running for president. ABC photo.
I hope every black, man, woman and child watching the Republican debates saw the answer of the Republican candidates when they were asked about police killing unarmed black people. Everyone who responded wanted to give the police more power and respect. Everyone ignored the part of the question which deals with the illegal police killings. As a former police officer I am shocked that none cared enough to talk about dead unarmed citizens. What they are advocating is more of the same. No regard for the innocent loss of life. The police work for the people, the people do not work for the police . What kind of people are these who are offering themselves for leadership. Any you know what the greatest tragedy is? Most of the people who call themselves my friends or follow my posts won’t even take the time to digest this. If you don’t care why should they care?
RUBIO
For this blogger I must admit the only candidate I could potentially stomach in that Republican filed was John Kasich . I am not a Chris Christie fan but I was literally cheering Chris Christie’s smack-down of the class-less little Marco Rubio ‚who once accused President Obama of having “no class”. President Obama has had a scandal free Administration thus far , something which cannot be said of any Administration in recent memory except Jimmy Carter’s. Rubio mounted his presidential campaign by attacking the president on every issue to the point of being ridiculous and disrespectful. The strategy is designed to appear ready for the general election process by appearing ready to take on the Democratic Candidate whether Hillary Clinton or Bernie Sanders. As part of that strategy Rubio arrived at the debates with a canned attack on Obama which he repeated three times in answer to questions which had nothing to do with the rehearsed attack on the president. Obviously someone needs to remind the arrogant little Rubio that Barack Obama is a twice elected American President , and oh by the way the president is not on any ballot. Chris Christie excoriated Rubio making him seem amateurish and unprepared to be president. I have never before enjoyed a smack-down as I did the Chris Christie smack-down of Rubio.
Addressing a large crowd in Junction, South East St Elizabeth Thursday night, JLP shadow minister of finance Audley Shaw said the People’s National Party (PNP) has been getting a free pass from the media while proposals of the Jamaica Labour Party (JLP) are being subjected to rigorous examination. “I was on an interview last night. I said that we can create 250,000 new jobs in Jamaica. Dem a question me, how yuh gwine do it. Which sectors yuh gwine get it out of,” “When Peter Phillips say him was going to create 100,000 jobs nobody don’t ask him nuttin,” . “We are going to transform the same Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) … PNP say dem can create 30,000 … 40,000 jobs, Labour Party say we can create 75,000 jobs in Business Process Outsourcing,”. “If we can create nearly 100,000 jobs in that, we nuh can create 250,000 in everything else? Manufacturing, agriculture, everything else”.
I a am little dissapointed that Audley Shaw would be talking about Government creating jobs. Audley you are trying to get back into Gordon House as Minister of Finance. Your arguments sounds eerily like a socialist selling a snake oil message of Government expansion. A market economy in Jamaica depends on.. (1) Empowering, equipping, and paying police. (2) Crime is reduced. (3)Eliminate graft, corruption and bureaucracy. (4) Lower taxes. (5) Investors return with real private sector jobs. (6) As investors return keep lowering taxes but widening the tax net which spur more economic growth.
That is how you create real jobs in a market economy. The methodology Audley Shaw articulated is exactly the way Peter Phillips and the PNP goes about creating jobs. That method may produce a few jobs for a while which ultimately are not sustainable. You cannot build a sky-scraper without a foundation. With the smallest tremor that building comes crashing down. There is no wonder when a slight wind blows hundreds of workers are laid off from their jobs in Jamaica because of this kind of thinking. Unfortunately Shaw seem to have accepted that path as a viable path to sustainable job creation which it isn’t. Neither Government nor the private sector can create growth in a chaotic society plagued with bureaucratic incompetence , high crime, high tax rates, Government corruption, and overall chaos. I understand the ever present lure to appeal to pander to the most base desires of voters around election time. However what the JLP can least afford is to be “PNP-lite”. Jamaicans know what the PNP is about. The JLP must be what the JLP always stood for, which is principled economic management beginning with low crime, which inspires investor confidence. Eventually Jamaicans will grow tired of the nonsense and show the PNP the door. When will it happen? That’s above my pay grade.
The fundamental question which faces the Jamaican electorate this time like almost every other election cycle is whether to go with the Long term market driven strategy offered by the Jamaica labor Party . Or whether to stay with the People’s National Party’s which offers small pork-barrel solutions which are great at vote getting but has disastrous consequences for the economy in the long run.
Opposition Leader Andrew Holness..
Leading up to the elections of 2011 there was no IMF agreement in place, the Labor Party refused to accept a deal which would break the back of the average Jamaican. Agreeing to a deal would see money coming into the country but with devastating consequences to working people. There is no question as to what might have occurred had the JLP signed a deal the IMF presented to Audley Shaw and company. We have seen the consequences. ♦ Massive depreciation of the local currency ♦ Massive Price Increases♦ Shortages and cut-backs of goods and services in the public sector♦ and Lay-offs♦ Those are just a few of the direct consequences of accepting IMF money. Of course there are the indirect consequences as well ♦ Escalating crime ♦ deteriorating infrastructure and a general sense of malaise, unease and misery among the population.
It’s important that Andrew Holness and the JLP tell the Jamaican people whether the party will continue with the IMF agreement and negotiate a new agreement in the near future if the party is elected to office. The JLP must also explain where the funding will come from to provide Government services and maintain the Island’s obligations as it relates to debt servicing, if it chooses not to enter into an agreement with the fund.
Speaking to the Nation in a live broadcast, Opposition Leader Andrew Holness outlined a 10 point plan which he argues will grow the economy and provide real jobs. SEEPLANHERE: Holness offers 10-point plan for growth and job creation
Here’s the rub however. The Opposition leader himself stated that the reason the Prime Minister set elections for February 25th of this year is to offset the negative effects of the upcoming budget. I believe there is much truth to that but more than that is the little issue of recent polling data which we are told has the governing party with a 4 percentage point lead over it’s rival JLP. A potential JLP Administration invariably will have to deal with the fallout which emanate from the next budgetary dictates of the IMF which are sure to have negative consequences for the average Jamaican. Holness and the JLP will potentially have to lay off workers and cut services as the PNP will also be forced to do. A new PNP Administration will not have to fear a backlash from layoffs, and service cut-backs. A new mandate insulates the party from that . They will also have five years in which to curry favor with the voters. Not so for an incoming JLP Administration which will immediately be pilloried and labelled “heartless” for laying off struggling workers as soon as it acquires office. Can’t win for losing.….….….….….…..
As divisive and dangerous as the Republican field of presidential candidates are, the most virulently divisive , dangerous and disrespectful is the Hispanic Marco Rubio(R‑Fla)> Just recently Former Florida Jed Bush blasted Rubio as having accomplished nothing except for his personal agenda. It may be argued that those are comments from a rival who is struggling for traction. That would be a legitimate statement to make but it doesn’t make the statement any less true. Former Pennsylvania Senator and perennial presidential candidate Rick Santorum who on Thursday dropped out of the 2016 race and endorsed Rubio could not name anything Rubio had accomplished legislatively when pressed by Joe Scarborough. New Jersey Governor and fellow candidate Chis Christie blasted Rubio labeling him “the boy in the bubble’ who is scripted and says what his handlers want him to say without responding substantively.
Set aside the obvious disdain Rubio’s contemporaries have for him. Rubio has managed to be ultra disrespectful to President Barack Obama over and above what is expected from differences over policy directions. His comments regarding the President has been some of the most caustic and derogatory than many who are opposed to the president on racial grounds. Marco Rubio who arrived on the National stage with T‑Party support, brings the same rancid demagoguery Sarah Palin T‑Party darling and other right-wink kooks bring. Nothing seem to be out of the realm of what Rubio won’t say about the president. It was however a huge surprise when Marco Rubio stated that “President Obama has no class”. President Obama now on the last quarter of his second term has had a scandal-free Presidency, something no President in recent history except Jimmy Carter can lay claim to. President Obama and his family have been a model of” class, dignity and decorum” . No President in American history have upheld the dignity of the Presidency to a greater extent than Barack Hussein Obama has. Those are critical values the insolent little boy in the bubble would be well advised to learn.
Rubio who generally sport a ridiculous grin can easily fool a crowd regarding his disrespectful and arrogant nature. In a visit to the Islamic Society of Baltimore, his first to a mosque in the United States as president, Mr. Obama recited phrases from the Quran and praised American Muslims as a crucial part of America’s history and vital to the nation’s future. The President’s visit was viewed as a push-back against recent anti-Muslim rhetoric largely coming from the political right. Ever the opportunist Marco Rubio was quick to assail the President while speaking to FOX misinformation quote”
It’s not about closing down mosques. It’s about closing down any place — whether it’s a café, a diner, an internet site — any place where radicals are being inspired. The bigger problem we have is our inability to find out where these places are, because we’ve crippled our intelligence programs, both through unauthorized disclosures by a traitor in Edward Snowden, or by some of the things this president has put in place with the support even of some from my own party to diminish our intelligence capabilities;“So whatever facility is being used — it’s not just a mosque — any facility that’s being used to radicalize and inspire attacks against the United States should be a place that we look at.”
I never had any use for this guy, I always had a dim view of both he and Ted Cruz, two Hispanics who seem to suffer from a lack of racial identity. It is rather strange that Rubio and Cruz the two Hispanics in the Republican race, seem to be vying to see who can be the most anti-immigrant, particularly when Hispanics make up the largest group of un-documented people living in the country or trying to get into the country for that matter.. What if the people who governed before took the stance of Rubio and Cruz, where would these two be? If fact their stated Hero Ronald Reagan who granted Amnesty to many would not be eligible for today’s Republican party. This is what makes Rubio and Cruz too monumental frauds. Thursday’s Huffington Post called out Rubio for lying that President Obama is divisive. In a blaring headline titled :” DANGEROUSLYDIVISIVE”, the publication peeled back the fake layer of fraud disguised with a smile and laid bare Rubio’s fraudulent bravado. “Marco Rubio, who often advocates for religious liberty and speaks of his faith on the campaign trail, is the one engaging in divisive rhetoric”. Finally some light is being shone on this fraud and a phony.
Elections in Jamaica Generally seem to reflect the will of the people, if of course you are willing to overlook the value of the Island’s Garrison. To those un-familiar with the term, it is the practice of the political party in power to unfairly use scare public funds to benefit voters loyal to that party. This usually means lumping acquiescent voters into constituencies which generally vote for that party . In essence what they end up doing is to create super constituencies which the opposition party has no chance of winning. Free Housing and other largess creates a class of voters who become rubber stamps for the party, regardless of whether it has a dismal record of achievement or performance for the country as a whole. In the United States this is done under the name “Gerrymandering”. This is done through an act of Congress however achieving the same dubious results . The Party with the majority in the House is allowed to re-draw Congressional district lines in a way which defies any logic but that party’s rapacious desire to lump blocks of voters into a single district loyal to the party doing the re-drawing.
All in all our country remains somewhat a vibrant Democracy supported by both political parties and a people who are fiercely loyal to democratic principles and ideals. Our country is still looked at as a model for budding democracies . For that our people can be proud . No, we have not established the economic framework for success Indonesia or Malaysia has but neither have we surrendered our rights and freedoms in pursuit of economic viability. Clearly a lot more needs to be done in terms of establishing and reinforcing an economic frame-work which will wean our country from the dictates of parasitic lending agencies like the (IMF) which sucks the life-blood from our people leaving us far worse that when we were forced into the unholy alliance in the first place.
That will take time and a decided focus . The question remains whether the people have the stomach for that change. Someone commented to me recently that the deficit is too great for the JLP to make up. I thought about it long and hard taking into consideration the advantage the PNP has because of it’s garrison constituencies. However this never stopped Jamaicans before. Jamaicans have a history of kicking out the bums of both parties en-mass when the pinch becomes unbearable. The question is “is the pinch unbearable”?
GETTINGOUTMANUVERED
It’s easy to assume that Bruce Golding was forced to step down or that Andrew Holness and the JLP lost the elections of 2011 because Golding refused to surrender Christopher(Duddus) Coke to the Americans. It’s easy to assume Portia Simpson Miller made the list of Time Magazine’s list of most influential women on merit. It is easy to misunderstand the impact of outside forces in shaping events in our country. However if you are willing to look at trends which the Government was incapable of understanding when it decided to hedge oil prices at US$66 per barrel, you’ll find out just how events begin. Bruce Golding’s demise begun when he remarked to a British Journalist that there would be no “Gays in his cabinet”. If you understand the power of outside agencies then you begin understanding what was behind the demand that Coke to be extradited to face charges in the United States, and the ensuing consequences of that demand. It was lose, lose for Golding, if he acquiesced and allowed the process to play out in the Courts as many have said he should, his base of support in Tivoli Gardens evaporate. Golding was a transplant into Tivoli, he did not have the control Edward Seaga built for himself over the decades. Conversely if Golding fought the Americans, regardless of the argument he used he would be seen as supporting a criminal wanted by a powerful ally. Bruce Golding was done as Prime Minister of Jamaica.
Was it accidental that the very same question was posed to Simpson Miller during the debates between herself and Holness during the 2011 election cycle? Does any rational thinker believe Portia Simpson Miller stated she would support revisiting the Bugger Act on her own volition? Once you begin to ponder all this then you begin to see the pieces fall into place. You start understanding why the tired, out of ideas PNP was returned to power much to their own astonishment. Then you see why Portia was rewarded by Time Magazine. Then you understand the Obama visit.
I have suggested that the JLP figure out the trends and stake out a populist position on emerging trends before the people themselves establish a position. There is hardly an issue more important to Jamaicans than “Marijuana”. Even without the Rastafarian position on the weed as a religious sacrament ‚Jamaicans are heavy users of marijuana which we commonly know as Ganja. Many Jamaicans smoke the weed , many use it to make a type of tea which they believe havemedicinal value to them. Not to mention the way Ganja is seen as a potential economic savior for many. On that basis it makes smart political sense to stake out a position which is in line with the thinking of the people. THETRUTHABOUTGANGACOMINGOUT.
Last Sunday a multitude gathered in Half-Way-Tree square, the air was filled with the putrid stench of cannabis . Above the sea of heads was a solid cloud of ganja smoke. It was a ganja smokers heaven. It was in that atmosphere that the Island’s Prime Minister mounted the stage and gloated about less ganja arrests to roaring ovation. Long before all this happened however, this medium and this humble writer begged the JLP to get out in front of this issue. Set this humble blogger and medium aside, there were indicators aplenty. It wasn’t too long ago that the minister of national security suggested to the police that they turn a blind eye to people smoking the weed. https://mikebeckles.com/on-small-quantities-of-ganja-bunting-to-police-turn-a-blind-eye/
Under no circumstances should the JLP have been outmaneuvered on this issue. Yet it was. Does the JLP even understanding the value of this issue to each party going forward? These are monumental issues which will influence voters going forward for decades. The JLP literally surrendered to the narrative that it is a rich man’s party which is not true. As I said in a previous article it was Alexander Bustamante who spent almost two years locked up in prison for championing workers right, not Norman Manley. Bustamante did not get outmaneuvered by his cousin Norman Manley. Bustamante a founding member of the People’s National Party PNP left and formed the JLP when the rhetoric and policy positions of the PNP became too radical too unworkable. The Jamaican people eschewed West Indies federation Manley supported, to which they were opposed and elected Bustamante to Office. Under Bustamante Jamaica became an independent nation August 1962. Alexander Bustamante became the first prime minister of the newly independent Jamaica.
Perceptions if left unchallenged becomes reality. To many Jamaicans that perception is reality. The JLP could least afford to have Jamaicans attribute the freeing up of ganja as something the PNP did . Of course the party was not in power but there is much it could have done as a matter of policy-position which could have headed off and negated that critical perception. It didn’t !!!
I hope it’s clear by now I love facts, especially those that surprise — even shock — us out of our assumptions. Don’t get me wrong. All of us, including scholars in various fields, have so much information to assimilate on a daily basis that it is difficult to avoid shorthand in conversation. The problem arises when we simplify and thereby distort. This is especially true when it comes to the history of slavery.
Most of us know that before the American Civil War there were so-called slave states and free states. Knowing this, our minds fill in the map with logic. If such a line as “Mason-Dixon” existed (actually, there were a series of lines drawn by “compromising” Congresses throughout the first half of the 19th century), slaves must have resided below it and free black people above it, with every man, woman and child in chains trying to escape to the North just as soon as they could — following the proverbial North Star to a new life of unbounded opportunity — while those already up there remained vigilant against being kidnapped back into slavery down in the South.
Then a book comes along — a once-in-a-generation masterpiece of research and analysis — that shakes up our constellation of inherited “facts” to the point that we no longer feel comfortable assuming anything about what was so in the black past, and why it occurred. That’s exactly what the great historian Ira Berlin did in his book, Slaves Without Masters: The Free Negro in the Antebellum South (initially published in 1974, and reissued by the New Press in 2007), a book I read as a graduate student, then returned to recently, to help me understand a puzzling fact in my own family tree.
Genealogists for our Finding Your RootsPBS series told me that I had descended from three sets of fourth great-grandparents who had been freed well before the Civil War. (Unless, like comedian Wanda Sykes, you descend from a mulatto child born to a white mother, all of your African-American ancestors were once slaves; the only question is when they became free, which for 90 percent of us was either during the Civil War or with the ratification of the 13th Amendment following the war.) Two sets of my own ancestors (the Cliffords and the Redmans) were free people by the time of the American Revolution, and the other set, the Bruces, were freed in the will of their master in 1823.
As if this weren’t surprising enough, it was another fact that drove me to re-read Ira Berlin’s book about freed slaves. All of these people, and their descendants, continued to live in slave-holding Virginia, even during the Civil War. (Their part of Virginia would join the Union as the state of West Virginia in the middle of the war, but they had no way of knowing this when they decided to remain there, rather than flee.) Why didn’t my great-great-great-great-grandparents run away to safety in the North, rather than remain in the Potomac Valley region of slave-holding western Virginia, about 30 miles, as a matter of fact, from where I was born? Free Negroes headed north just as soon as they could, right? Didn’t my ancestors’ decision to stay put in the Confederacy run counter to what we all understood about the history of slavery?
I turned to Ira Berlin’s book for answers, and I was astonished to learn that my ancestors’ presence in the South and their decision to stay put during the war were not as uncommon as I had imagined. And perhaps most remarkable of all is the fact that professor Berlin explained the mystery of my ancestors’ (and many others’) seemingly counterintuitive decisions using numbers in plain sight, including those in the 1860 U.S. Census.
In that raging year of Lincoln’s election and Southern secession, there were a total of 488,070 free blacks living in the United States, about 10 percent of the entire black population. Of those, 226,152 lived in the North and 261,918 in the South, in 15 states (Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina and Texas) plus the District of Columbia. Let me break that down further: A few months before the Confederacy was born, there were 35,766 more free black people living in the slave-owning South than in the North, and removing D.C. from the equation wouldn’t have shifted the result. And they stayed there during the Civil War.
Don’t believe it? You can now fact-check the numbers yourself on the U.S. Census Bureau website. Amazing, right? Even if, as Berlin illustrates in a companion table, 100 percent of the African Americans living in the North were free in 1860 (compared to only 6.2 percent in the South), it still is a puzzle to figure out why the majority lived below the Mason-Dixon Line. And here’s the kicker: At no time before the Civil War (at least not after the first U.S. Census was taken in 1790 and future states were added) did free blacks in the North ever outnumber those in the South!
To me, learning about this aspect of African-American history was as astonishing as any of the “amazing” facts on Joel A. Rogers’ original list of 100. (Rogers didn’t include this one on his list, but he did claim that some of these Southern Free Negroes fought for the Confederacy, a claim that we shall examine in another column.) Despite countless stories I’d read and heard about the Underground Railroad, with abolitionists on one side and fire-eaters on the other, there was, I now knew, a more complex landscape underfoot. Black history is full of surprises and contradictions, and this is one of the most surprising and seemingly contradictory ones that I have encountered.
First things first: How did more free blacks end up living in the South? Weren’t their lives a living hell? In this week’s column, I plan to address those questions. Next week, I’ll tackle why so many, like several generations of my own ancestors, stayed.
Luckily, Ira Berlin has the answers, and if you seek them, too, I urge you to read his book, since there’s no way I can possibly capture its many dimensions — or its brilliance — in this column. There’s a reason Slaves Without Masters won the National History Society’s Best Book Prize, and Berlin is the Distinguished University Professor at the University of Maryland in College Park (fitting also because Maryland was the state with the largest population of free blacks in 1860 — 83,942 — and the highest proportion of free versus enslaved blacks, with 49.1 percent free).
Who They Were and How They Got There
To understand how the South created — and acquired — its majority of free black people, you would have to travel back further in time to the Revolutionary War, when natural rights fever and military necessity (first, among the British) stimulated the first major surge of free blacks in America. Before then, there were a scant few, Berlin writes (in 1755, Maryland, the only English colony to keep track, counted 1,817; Virginia had about the same in 1782). By 1810, there were 108,265, representing “the fastest-growing element in the Southern population,” with a dramatic 89.3 percent spike between 1790 and 1800 and another 76.8 percent jump between 1800 and 1810.
There were other sources besides manumissions (formal acts of emancipation by slaveowners), to be sure, including an increase in runaways and immigrants. Among the immigrants were free blacks fleeing the West Indies (often with their own slaves) during the 1791 slave revolt against the French in Saint-Dominque, which became the independent Republic of Haiti in 1804. In part because of that revolt, another important surge in the Southern free black population occurred when Napoleon Bonaparte, exhausted and in need of cash from France’s defeat by the slaves, sold his country’s vast Louisiana territory to the Americans under its slave-owning president, Thomas Jefferson, in 1803. With it, the U.S. acquired thousands of “free people of color,” many of whom had sprung from sexual unions between French and Spanish colonists and black slaves.
Still another group of free people of color (originally from Saint-Dominique) emigrated to New Orleans from Cuba in 1809, in the upheavals of the Napoleonic wars, doubling the size of the black population there. While the rate of growth among Southern free blacks would slow across nearly every decade leading up to the Civil War (the growth rate was a mere 10 percent between 1850 and 1860), by 1810 the South had a free black population that was there to say.
So who were they?
The short answer is they lived as far as they could from what we know as the Gone With the Wind South. As Berlin shows in a demographic profile as concise as it is clear, free blacks in the South largely resided in cities — the bigger the better, because that’s where the jobs were (in 1860, 72.7 percent of urban free blacks lived in Southern cities of 10,000 or more). They were predominantly female (52.6 percent of free blacks in the South were women in 1860), because, according to Berlin, free black men had a greater tendency to move out of the region. They also were older than the average slave, because they often had to wait to earn or buy their freedom, or, in not uncommon cases, be “dumped” by their owners as weak or infirm (in 1860, 20 percent of free blacks were over the age of 40 compared to 15 percent of slaves and whites). Free blacks also were lighter in color (40.8 percent of Southern free blacks in 1860 reported mixed racial ancestry versus 10.4 percent of slaves); not surprisingly, slaves with their master’s blood were more likely to be favored by him and, as Berlin shows, favored slaves were more likely to be freed.
Two Souths
Here’s where the monolith falls apart, however. As critical as Berlin’s findings about the North and South was his revelation that the South really consisted of “two Souths”: an Upper and a Lower, distinguished, among other things, by their histories, geographies and outlooks.
The Upper South (think Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and later Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee and D.C.) had been marked by its earlier history of manumission following the Revolution; it also had a more negative outlook about slavery’s future as a result of its increasingly inhospitable soil (for more on this, see Amazing Fact, “What Was the Second Middle Passage?”).
The Lower South (think Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, South, Carolina and Texas), by contrast, had never embraced manumission fever, and because there was still so much money to be made off the cotton trade (see Amazing Fact, “Why Was Cotton King?”), it never wavered in its commitment to the slave economy.
Consequently, there were two broad groups of Southern free blacks, Berlin writes. Not only did the vast majority live in the Upper South (224,963 in 1860 versus 36,955 in the Lower South in 1860), they were on average darker-skinned and more rural than their Lower South counterparts. By contrast, free blacks in the Lower South were fewer in number, lighter-skinned and more urban, creating a much more pronounced three-caste system and within it various gradations of blackness, including mulattoes (those who would be called biracial today), quadroons (those with one black grandparent) and octoroons (those with one black great-grandparent).
According to Berlin, “throughout the South, a light skin was the freeman’s distinguishing characteristic,” and “[t]he slaveholder’s increasingly selective liberation of favored bondsmen and the difficulties slaves had running away or purchasing their liberty meant that free Negroes were generally more skilled, literate, and well connected with whites than the mass of slaves.” This was especially true in the Lower South, where some free blacks even owned slaves — among them were Andrew Durnford of Louisiana, who, says Berlin, had “some seventy-five slaves” working on his sugar plantation.
Jim Crow: The Prequel
I hope I’m not giving you the wrong impression about free black life in the antebellum South, because life for them there was “no crystal stair,” to quote Langston Hughes. Laws, especially in the Upper South, reflected whites’ suspicion (very often hatred) of free blacks, and there were repeated attempts to deport them, to register them, to jail the indolent and tax and extort the wage-earner, to disenfranchise the free black caste altogether from voting or testifying in court against whites. To leave little doubt, as Berlin quotes the saying at the time, that “even the lowest whites [could] threaten free Negroes … with ‘a good nigger beating.’”
This created perverse incentives for free blacks to try hard to distinguish themselves from slaves, sometimes even to “pass” (pdf) out of the “black” caste as “white” if they could. Throughout the region, repressive laws helped create the conditions for a vast underclass that for most free blacks meant living along a very thin line between slavery and freedom, debt and dependency, poverty and pride. In fact, many of those same laws would lay the groundwork for what would follow after the Civil War and Reconstruction during the Jim Crow era.
By the 1850s, Berlin reveals, only Delaware, Missouri and Arkansas still allowed legal manumission of free blacks, and Arkansas, on the eve of secession, threatened its small population of free blacks with an impossible choice: self-deport (where have we heard that before?) or be re-enslaved. The result: Across the South in the antebellum period, there were “quasi-free” blacks who had been illegally freed without papers or prospects. Add to them those who passed as white or were kidnapped back into bondage, and it begins to make even the clearest of census numbers seem shaky.
So under those conditions, why would any free black remain in the South? Next week’s article in our series will address what impelled my ancestors and so many others to stay put on the eve of the Civil War. Until then, remember to be careful what you say shorthand in conversation. As I told an audience in Charlotte, N.C., last month, what was true for the ancient Greeks remains true for those conducting genealogical research today: “Know thyself.”
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